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* Index

G load: See load factor, 6
K_CAS: ≡ knot / calibrated airspeed, 2.1
K_IAS: ≡ knot / indicated airspeed, 2.1
K_TAS: ≡ knot / true airspeed, 2.1
V₁ : ≡ airspeed (takeoff decision), 17
V_A: ≡ airspeed (maneuvering), 2
V_FE: ≡ airspeed (maximum flaps-extended), 18
V_L/D: ≡ airspeed (best lift-to-drag ratio), 6.3
V_MC : ≡ airspeed (minimum control), 17
V_NE: ≡ airspeed (never-exceed), 2
V_NO: ≡ airspeed (maximum normal-operations), 2
V_R: ≡ airspeed (rotation for takeoff), 13.3
V_S: ≡ airspeed (stall), 6.3
V_SSE: ≡ airspeed (single-engine safety), 17
V_X: ≡ airspeed (best angle of climb), 6.3
V_XSE : ≡ airspeed (best single-engine angle of climb), 17
V_Y : ≡ airspeed (best rate of climb), 1.2.5
V_Y: ≡ airspeed (best rate of climb), 6.3
V_YSE : ≡ airspeed (best single-engine rate of climb), 17
V_Z: ≡ airspeed (minimum level-flight), 6.3
V_ZSE: ≡ airspeed (minimum level-flight, single engine), 6.3
ADF: ≡ automatic direction finder, 14.3.2
AGL: ≡ altitude above ground level, 12.3
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association: Air Safety Foundation, 21.10
AOPA: ≡ Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, 21.10
ATC: ≡ air traffic control, 3.12.2
ATIS: ≡ automatic terminal information service, 12
Aviation Safety Reporting System, 21.10
AWOS: ≡ automatic weather observation system, 12
absolute altitude: definition, 20.2.2
acceleration, 2.13.2, 8.8, 9.6, 13.4, 17.1.8
acceleration , 5.2.1, 13.1, 19.1
acceleration, 19.1
advancing blade, 8.5
adverse yaw, 1, 11.5.2, 16.6
adverse yaw , 8.8
aileron, 5.4.1, 10.6.2, 12.9.4, 13.5, 18.5, 18.7
aileron , 9.4, 11, 16.9
aileron: See also roll / coordination / adverse yaw / twisted lift, 8.1
aileron: fancy types of aileron, 8.8.2, 8.8.2, 8.8.2
aim point, 12.7.3, 15.1.4, 15.1.4, 21.2.1
aim point , 12.3
air traffic control (ATC), 16.1, 16.5, 21.3
air traffic control (ATC), 15.3
air traffic control (ATC), 3.12.2, 13.8, 7, 15.1.1, 21.8
airspeed, 1, 1.3.4, 2.12.1, 13.2
airspeed: best rate of climb (V_Y): single engine (V_YSE), 17.1.5
airspeed: calibrated vs. indicated vs. true, 14.2.2
airspeed: excursion, 7.3, 7.4
airspeed: never-exceed (V_NE), 2.13.1
airspeed: See also angle of attack, 2.1
airspeed: best angle of climb (V_X), 2.4, 7.5.6, 13.3
airspeed: best angle of climb (V_X): single engine (V_XSE), 17.2.5
airspeed: best angle of climb (V_X): single engine (V_XSE), 17.2.5
airspeed: best angle of climb (V_X) , 7.5.4
airspeed: best lift-to-drag ratio (V_L/D), 4.3, 7.5.8
airspeed: best lift-to-drag ratio (V_L/D), 7.5.4
airspeed: best rate of climb (V_Y), 1.2.5, 2.4, 4.5, 17.2.6
airspeed: best rate of climb (V_Y) , 13.1
airspeed: best rate of climb (V_Y): single engine (V_YSE), 17.2.5
airspeed: best rate of climb (V_Y): single engine (V_YSE), 17.2.5
airspeed: best rate of climb (V_Y) , 7.5.2
airspeed: calibrated vs. indicated vs. true, 2.1, 2.12.3, 2.12.6
airspeed: controlling and changing, 2.6
airspeed: controlling and changing, 1.3.2, 6, 16.1, 16.3, 17.2.5
airspeed: controlling and changing , 1, 7.1
airspeed: controlling and changing: See also trim, 2
airspeed: excursion, 7.2.3, 7.3, 12.7.4, 16.19.1
airspeed: indicator, 2.9, 2.11, 2.12.6, 12.4.1, 12.5, 14.2, 18.7
airspeed: indicator: See also Pitot tube, 2.1
airspeed: maneuvering (V_A), 7.5.8, 16.20.5
airspeed: maneuvering (V_A), 2.13.2
airspeed: maximum flaps-extended (V_FE), 5.5.5, 18.7
airspeed: maximum flaps-extended (V_FE), 7.7.1, 16.3
airspeed: maximum normal-operations (V_NO), 7.3
airspeed: maximum normal-operations (V_NO), 2.13.3
airspeed: maximum normal-operations (V_NO), 2.13.1
airspeed: minimum control (V_MC), 16.10, 16.19.3, 17.1.6, 17.1.8, 17.1.9, 17.1.10, 17.2.5
airspeed: minimum control (V_MC), 17.1.7
airspeed: minimum control, ground operations (V_MCG), 17.2.2
airspeed: minimum level-flight (V_Z), 17.2.5
airspeed: minimum level-flight (V_Z), 7.5.3
airspeed: never-exceed (V_NE), 2.13.3, 6.2.3
airspeed: rotation for takeoff (V_R), 13.3
airspeed: stall (V_S), 2.4, 7.5.8, 7.6.1, 16.11
airspeed: takeoff decision (V₁), 17.2.2, 17.2.2
airspeed:increased near wing, 3.1
airspeed, 14.2.4
albatross effect, 6.2.3, 16.17.2
albatross effect: definition, 16.17.2
altimeter, 1.2.4, 3.4.2, 6.2.4
altimeter setting: definition, 20.2.2
altimeter , 20.2.2
altitude, 1, 1.3.4, 7.2.3, 7.3, 10, 16.2
altitude above field elevation: definition, 20.2.2
altitude: See also obstacle clearance / density, 12
angle, 12.3, 12.4.2, 14.4.1
angle of attack, 2.2
angle of attack, 18.7
angle of attack, 3.14, 5.3.2, 11.2, 12.4, 12.5, 12.11.3, 16.3
angle of attack , 2
angle of attack: See also airspeed / vertical damping, 2.1
angle of attack: absolute versus geometric, 2.14
angle of attack: stability , 6
angle of attack, 19.6.3
angle: See also climb angle / glideslope, 2.2
angle: See also crosswind correction, 2.2
angle: See also incidence / decalage, 2.2
angle: See also slip angle, 2.2
angle: See also yaw / pitch / bank, 2.2
angular momentum, 9.6, 16.16.1, 18.6.4, 20.1.1
angular momentum , 19.8
angular momentum: definition, 19.8
approach, 2.11, 2.12.6, 7.2.2, 7.7.1, 15.1.2, 15.1.4, 16.1, 16.10, 16.17.3, 16.20.4
approach: See also landing, 12
arrow: aerodynamics, 4.2, 6.1
artificial horizon, 6.2.4
artificial horizon, 2.5, 6.2.4, 18.7, 19.5, 19.10.2
artificial horizon: definition, 19.10.2
aspect ratio, 3.11, 6.1.6
aspect ratio: definition, 7.6.1
asymmetric incidence, 5.4.3
asymmetric disk loading, 17.1.12
asymmetric disk loading , 8.5
asymmetric incidence: definition, 9.5
asymmetric thrust, 8.12, 11.5.6, 17.1.5, 17.2.7
asymmetric thrust , 17.1
atmosphere, 20.2.1
atmosphere , 20
attached flow: definition, 18.3.1
attitude indicator: See artificial horizon, 2.5
attitude: definition, 19.6.2
automatic direction finder (ADF), 14.3.2
automatic terminal information service, 12.7.4
automatic terminal information service, 16.18.1
automatic weather observation system, 12.7.4, 16.18.1
autopilot, 1.3.2
autopilot , 7.4
autorotation: definition, 18.5
azimuth:true versus magnetic, 14.2.2
Bernoulli’s principle, 3.13
Bernoulli’s principle, 3.14, 18.3.3, 18.4.1, 1
Bernoulli’s principle , 3.4
backtrack: symptom of uncoordinated roll-in, 16.6
backtrack: symptom of uncoordinated roll-in, 11.5.2
balance (perception), 6.2.1, 11.5.4, 19.5
balance: See also equilibrium / weight and balance, 10.1
balance, 10.1
balanced-field length: definition, 17.2.2
ball (instrument): See inclinometer, 8
ball (sports), 3.11, 18.3.3
ballast, 6.1.9
balloon: marks air movement, 16.17.4
ballooning: See zoom, 1.3.3
bank attitude, 12.9.4, 1, 16.5
bank attitude: definition, 19.6.2
barn door, 3.9
base key point: definition, 15.1.4
base leg, 12.5, 3, 14, 15.1.2
bat effect, 16.17.4
best angle of glide, 7.5.7
best ... airspeed: See under airspeed, 6.3
bivector, 19.9.2
bivector: definition, 19.2
blackout (loss of consciousness), 6.2.4
blueline airspeed : See airspeed (best single-engine rate of climb), 17
boat turn, 19.5
boat turn, 12.9.3, 12.9.5, 17.1.4
boat turn, 8.10
bobweights: definition, 6.1.7
bomb: aerodynamics, 4.2, 6.1
boundary layer, 18.3
boundary layer, 3.3, 3.10.4, 3.12.1, 3.13, 18.3.2, 18.3.3, 18.4.2
boundary layer: definition, 18.3
brake, 9.6, 12.6.4, 12.7.5, 1, 13.3, 13.7.2, 13.7.2
brake , 12.7.5
bug on the windshield, 11.5.2
bullet fallacy, 3.6
CAS: ≡ calibrated airspeed, 2.1
CDI: ≡ course deviation indicator, 14.3.1
CFIT: ≡ Controlled Flight Into Terrain, 21.4
CM: ≡ center-of-mass, 8.8
Coanda effect, 18.4.4
Coanda effect: definition, 18.4
Compressibility: definition, 3.4.3
Controlled Flight Into Terrain, 14.7.2
Controlled Flight Into Terrain: See obstacle clearance, 21.4
Coriolis effect, 20.4
Coriolis effect , 20.1
Coriolis effect: definition, 19.3
Course Deviation Indicator: definition, 14.4.1
CRM: See resource management, 21.9
calibrated airspeed, 2.12.6
calibrated airspeed: definition, 2.1
camber, 3.8, 6.1.6
camber: definition, 2
canard, 6.1.5
car, 1, 1.3.2, 1.3.2, 8
carburetor, 3.4.2
carburetor heat, 15.1.1
carburetor heat, 12.6.4, 21.6
card demo, 3.11
ceiling, 20.2.2
ceiling: absolute, 7.5.3
ceiling: absolute, 7.5.6, 13.7.1, 13.7.1, 17.2.5
center of area: definition, 6.1.3
center of lift, 17.1.9
center of lift: definition, 6.1.3
center of mass, 6.1, 17.1.9
center of mass , 6.1.1
center of mass, 6.1.3
centrifugal field, 18.6.2, 19.2
centrifugal field , 19.4
centrifugal field, 19.4.1
chandelle, 2.10, 16.1
chandelle: definition, 16.14
chart: write on it, 2
checklist, 12.1, 12.6.4, 12.10, 13.7, 13.9, 15.1.1, 17.1.7, 17.2, 21.3
checkride, 15.1.2, 17.1.7, 21.7, 21.8
chord line, 2.14, 18.6.1
chord line: definition, 1
circle (maneuver), 7.7.1, 15.1.4
circulation, 3.10.1, 3.11, 3.14, 18.3.3
circulation, 3.10.4
climb, 1.2, 2, 2.10, 2.5, 9.7, 15.1.3, 16.1, 16.17.1, 17.1.2, 19.6.4
climb , 7.5
climb, 2.4
clock: dead reckoning, 14.2
cloudy weather, 20.1.2
coefficient of lift, 2.12.2
coefficient of lift, 3.8
coefficient of drag, 2.4, 4.2, 8.8.6, 18.1
coefficient of drag: definition, 4.5
coefficient of lift, 2.2, 3.6, 3.12.2, 4.2, 6.1, 6.1.4, 6.2.3, 8.8.6
coefficient of lift , 2.12.1, 5.2.1, 18.1
coefficient of lift: definition, 4.1
collision avoidance: See traffic, 16.2
collision energy, 15.1.3, 15.1.4
commutativity: See noncommutative rotations, 19.6.4
compass, 14.2, 4
compass rose, 14.4.1
compass rose, 14.2.2
complacency, 21.4
compressibility, 3.1, 3.1, 3.4.3
consciousness: loss of, 6.2.4
conservation: See energy / momentum / angular momentum, 1
constant pressure analysis chart, 20.4
control versus performance, 17.1.7
control: reversed, 1.3.3
controls: See yoke / throttle / etc., 1
coordination, 8.8, 8.8.7, 10.6.2, 16.6, 16.20.4
coordination , 8.1, 11, 17.1.4
coordination: See also slip angle, 8.1
copilot role, 21.9
correction: small & early better than large & late, 16.14
correction: small & early better than large & late, 16
course, 14.2.1, 14.3.3
course deviation indicator, 14.3.1
cowl flaps, 12.6.4, 13.8, 17.2.3, 21.6
cowling: reference for pitch perception, 2.5
cowling: reference for pitch perception, 2.5
crab angle: See crosswind correction, 16.8
crabbing along a road, 16.8
critical angle of attack, 5.3.2
critical angle of attack: definition, 5.3.1
critical engine, 17.1.12
critical engine: definition, 17.1.12
cross radials, 14.4.3, 14.7.4
cross-country flying, 21.1
cross-country flying , 14
cross-country flying: definition, 14
crosswind, 3.12.2, 8.11, 12.5, 12.7.2, 12.7.4, 12.9.1, 12.10, 13.5, 2, 16.12
crosswind , 12.9, 14.2.3, 16.8
crosswind, 14.2.4
cruise, 1.2, 2.4, 2.4, 2.6, 7.5.4, 7.5.6, 13.3
curvature-enhanced turbulent mixing: definition, 18.4.2
cyclonic flow, 20.1.2, 20.3.2
DG: ≡ directional gyro, 14.2.3
Direct User Access Terminal (DUAT), 2
DME: ≡ distance-measuring equipment, 14.3.2
DUAT: ≡ Direct User Access Terminal, 14.8
Dutch roll, 16.7
Dutch roll , 10.6.1
Dutch roll: definition, 10.6.1
damping, 10.5
damping , 10.3
damping: definition, 10.3
damping: roll, 5.4.2, 5.5.3, 16.20.4, 18.1
damping: roll , 5
damping: vertical, 5.2.2, 5.5.3, 6.2.3, 6.2.3, 18.1
damping: vertical, 5.2.1
damping: yaw, 16.7
damping: yaw , 8.3
dart: aerodynamics, 4.2, 6.1
datum: definition, 6.1.3, 19.2
dead foot, dead engine, 17.1.5
dead reckoning, 14.5, 16.17.1, 21.3
dead reckoning: definition, 14.2
decalage, 8
decalage, 6.1
decisionmaking, 4, 7.7.2, 12.1.1, 12.6.2, 12.10, 13.6, 13.7, 15.1.1, 17.2.2, 21
decisionmaking , 21.1
density, 2.12.3, 4.2, 7.5.5, 13.3, 17.1.2
density altitude: definition, 20.2.2
departure (spin entry), 5.4.2
departure (spin entry), 18.5
descent, 7.7.1, 7.7.2, 9.7, 16.1, 16.20.3, 19.6.4
descent , 7.5
deserts, 20.3.1
differential aileron deflection: definition, 8.8.2
differential drag, 8.8
differential relative wind, 19.6.4
differential wingtip speed, 9.4
dihedral, 9.1, 9.3
dihedral: definition, 9.1
diminished power, 13.7.3
direction of flight, 2.11, 12.4.3
directional control demonstration, 17.2.7
directional gyro, 14.2.2, 14.2.3, 17.1.3
directional gyro: definition, 19.10.1
directional stability: See yaw-wise stability, 19.6.1
displaced threshold, 12.7.3
distance-measuring equipment (DME), 14.7.4
distance-measuring equipment (DME), 14.3.2
distance: versus angle off course, 14.4.1
distraction, 15.3
dive: See descent / spiral dive, 6
diverting, 12.7.4, 13.7, 21.1, 17
dogleg, 14.1.3
doldrums: definition, 20.3.1
door: open in flight, 15.3
door: open in flight, 15
dot product: definition, 4.4
downdraft, 6.1.12, 7.4, 7.5.7, 8.8.6, 20.3.1
downgoing blade, 8.5.2
downgoing blade, 8.5.1
downwash, 3.15, 6.1.6
downwash: definition, 3.1
drag, 1.2.5, 1, 1.5, 4.4, 5.5.5
drag , 7.1
drag: induced, 13.3, 2
drag: parasite, 3
drag: basic model formula, 4.2
drag: cooling, 4.4
drag: differential, 8.8
drag: due to flaps, 5.5.4, 12.7.2, 15.1.2
drag: form, 5.3.2
drag: form, 4.4
drag: friction, 1.2.5, 4.4
drag: induced, 1.2.5, 3.12.3, 3.12.4, 5.3.2, 8.8, 8.8.6, 12.11.6, 13.4, 2
drag: induced, 4.4
drag: parasite, 1.2.5, 3.12.4, 7.5.8, 7.1, 8.8.2
drag: parasite, 4.4
drag: pressure, 4.4
drag , 4.1
dynamic pressure, 3.2
dynamic pressure: definition, 2.1
E-down: ≡ Einsteinian down, 19.5
E6-B vector slide rule, 4, 14.8
Einstein’s principle of equivalence, 19.10.2
Einstein’s principle of equivalence, 19.4.2
Einstein’s principle of equivalence: definition, 19.4.1
Einsteinian down, 19.5
Euler angles: definition, 19.6.2
ear: See sound / balance (perception), intro
earth, 20.1, 20.3.1
eight (lazy), 16.1
eight (lazy), 16.15
eight on pylon, 16.16
emergency, 14.7.5, 17.1, 17.2
emergency , 15
emergency: landing: See under landing, 15.1
empennage: See tail, 17
empty-field myopia: definition, 16.2
energy, 3.4, 15.1.3, 15.1.4, 18.3.3, 19.1
energy , 1
energy: kinetic, 3.4
energy: mechanical, 1.2.6
energy: potential, 3.4
energy: See also updraft / windshear / roller-coaster, 1
energy: definition, 1
energy: kinetic, 3.1, 16.3
energy: kinetic, 1.2.1
energy: management, 7.2.3, 7.7, 12.3, 3, 16.20.3
energy: management , 1.4
energy: mechanical, 3.2, 7.2.2, 18.4.1
energy: mechanical, 1.1
energy: potential, 1.2.5, 1.4
energy: potential, 1.2.1
engine, 1.2.3, 1.3.1, 1.5, 7.5.6, 7.6.4, 9.5, 9.6
engine failure, 15.1, 15.1.3, 17, 17, 17.1.2
engine failure , 17.2
engine failure: See also landing, 15.1
equation of state, 2
equator, 20.3.1
equilibrium, 5.2.1, 5.2.1, 5.4.1, 6.1.4, 6.1.9, 19.1, 19.2
equilibrium , 10.1
equilibrium: definition, 10.1
equivalence principle, 19.4.1, 19.4.2, 19.10.2
Ferrel cell: definition, 20.3.1
Flettner rotor ship, 3.11
Franklin, Benjamin, 11
Frisbee, 8.2, 8.8.2, 17.1.4
Frise aileron: definition, 8.8.2
fast/slow control: fallacy, 7.2.3
fast/slow control: fallacy , 7
feathering propeller, 17.2.3
finger: heads-up display, 11.5.2
fire prevention, 15.1.1
five-degree bank fallacy, 17.1.7
flaps, 2.3, 2.5, 5.5.3, 7.7.1, 4, 12.7.2, 16.20.4, 17.1.7, 18.7
flaps , 5.5, 13.2, 15.1.2, 16.1
flare, 1.2, 7.7.2, 12.2
flare , 12.6.2
flare: definition, 12.6.2
flight following: See radar advisories, 14.6
flight planning, 2.9, 14.8
flippers, 8.6, 19.9.1
flippers: definition, 7.2.3
flow pattern: definition, 21.5
fluid, 3.6
flutter, 2.13.1
fluttering card, 3.11
fly by the numbers, 2.1
fly by the numbers, 2.4
force, 9.6, 16.16.1, 16.17.4, 18.1
force , 4, 5.2.1, 8.1, 10.1, 19.1, 20.1.1
force: See also bank / slip / landing gear, 13
force: See also equilibrium / stability / damping, 6.1
force: See also pressure / momentum / torque, 4
force, 19.1
fortune: in the aviation business, 3
four forces , 4
four forces: definition, 4.1
fpm: ≡ foot per minute, 12.3
frame of reference: See reference frame, 16.17.4
free gyro: definition, 19.9.3
free stream, 17.1.3, 17.1.3, 6
free stream , 3.1
free stream: definition, 3.1
friction, 3.1, 3.3, 3.10.2, 3.12.2, 5.1, 8.11, 10.3, 10.6.1, 12.8, 13.4, 20.1.1
friction , 4.4
friction: See also drag, 19.1
front (weather), 20.1.2
front (weather), 16.17.2, 20.1.2, 20.1.2, 20.1.2
front (weather) , 20.1
frost on the wings, 3.5, 3.13, 18.3.3
fuel, 1.1, 10
fuel: contamination, 15.2.2
fuel: flow rate, 7.6.4
fuel: management, 21.1
fuel: tank selector / shutoff valve, 15.1.1, 15.1.1
fuel: energy reservoir, 1.1, 1.2.3, 1.3.4
fuel: flow rate, 1.2.3
fuel: management, 14, 15.2.2, 21.3
fuel: tank selector / shutoff valve, 15.2.2
Galileo’s principle of relativity, 14.2.4
Galileo’s laws of motion, 19.1
Galileo’s principle of relativity, 16.12, 16.17.4
Galileo’s principle of relativity, 16.17.1
GPS: ≡ global positioning system, 14.3.2
gimbal, 18.7, 19.9.3
glide, 1.2, 2.4, 15.1.4
glide , 7.5, 15.1.1
glider, 8.9, 15.1.3, 17.1.2
glideslope, 2.11, 12.3, 12.3, 12.3, 12.4.2, 12.4.2, 15.1.4
glideslope instrument, 12.3
global positioning system, 14.4.4, 14.7.3, 14.8, 21.3
global positioning system, 14.3.2
go-around, 12.1, 12.7.4, 12.11.8, 16.20.4, 16.20.4, 17.2.5, 17.2.6
go-around , 12.10
going: not the same as pointing, 8.8.5
going: not the same as pointing, 8, 11.2
gradient: definition, 20.1.1
graveyard spiral, 2.3, 6.1.8, 6.2.4
graveyard spiral, 6.2.2
gravitational field, 1.2.1
gravitational field, 6.1, 19
gravitational field , 19.4.1
ground effect, 2.9, 3.12.1, 3.12.4, 6.1.6, 7.7.3, 12.6.2, 12.8, 12.11.5, 12.11.6, 15.1.2, 17.1.7
ground effect , 13.3
groundspeed, 2.12.3, 12.4.3, 12.5, 12.7.4, 12.7.4, 15.1.3, 15.1.4, 16.17.1, 21.1
groundspeed , 14.2.2, 16.12
groundspeed, 14.2.4
gust: See under wind, 7.7.2
gyroscope, 19.9.2
gyroscope , 19.9
gyroscope: See also artificial horizon / directional gyro / rate of turn gyro, 19.10
gyroscopic precession, 8.1, 8.6, 3, 18.7
gyroscopic precession , 8.6, 19.9.1
gyroscopic precession: definition, 19.9.1
HALT: See altimeter, 20.2.4
Hadley cell: definition, 20.3.1
hammerhead:definition, 1.2.6
heading, 14.3.3, 16.9
heading indicator : See directional gyro, 14.2.3
heading indicator: See directional gyro, 19.10
heading: See also crosswind correction / slip, 16.9
heading: definition, 19.6.2
heads-up display, 11.5.2
headwind, 3.12.2, 12.5, 12.7.4, 12.7.4, 14.2.2, 15.1.4, 16.17, 21.1
headwind, 14.2.4
headwork: See decisionmaking, 21.1
hearing: See sound (perception), intro
heat, 1.1, 20.1.2, 1
heat: See also carburetor heat, 1.1
height: perception, 12.6.3
high and fast, 1.4
horse latitudes: definition, 20.3.1
hydrodynamic approximation: definition, 3.6
I’ve got it, 21.2.3
IAS: ≡ indicated airspeed, 2.1
IFR: ≡ Instrument Flight Rules, 14
ISA: ≡ international standard atmosphere, 20.2.1
icing, 3.5, 3.13, 18.3.3, 21.1
identification code on navaids, 5
incidence, 2.5, 5.5.3
incidence: definition, 2.4
inclinometer ball, 17.2.3
inclinometer (ball), 17.1.3
inclinometer ball, 8.5.4, 11.1, 11.5.3, 3, 17.1.5, 17.1.5, 18.7, 19.5
incompressible flow: See compressibility, 3.4.3
indicated airspeed, 2.12.6
indicated airspeed: definition, 2.1
indicated altitude: definition, 20.2.2
inertia: See yaw / roll / engine inertia, 8.8.5
inertial platform: definition, 19.9.3
inner ear: See balance perception, intro
instructor’s role, intro, 13.7.4, 21.2.1, 22.0.1
instrument flight procedures, intro, 12.1.3, 13.7.5, 14.2.5, 14.8, 16.1, 16.2, 21.2.4
instrument flight procedures: See also scan, 14
instrument flight procedures: See navigation, 14
instruments: See each specific instrument, 14
intercept angle , 14.2.3
interference effects: definition, 9.2
international standard atmosphere: definition, 20.2.2

inverted flight, 3.8, 8.8.7, 11.1
Joukowski: ≡ Zhukovsky, 3.10.3
jet of fluid, 18.4.2, 18.4.3
Koch chart, 13.7.1
Kutta condition, 12
Kutta condition: definition, 3.10.2
Kutta-Zhukovsky theorem: definition, 3.10.3
knot, 1.2.5
knot: definition, 14.2.2
LORAN: ≡ long range navigation, 14.3.2
laminar flow: definition, 18.3.2
landing, 12.6.2, 13
landing gear, 12.6.4, 16.1
landing , 12
landing gear, 12.6.2, 12.8, 13.4, 13.5, 15.1.2, 15.1.2, 17.1.7
landing gear: retraction / extension, 13.8
landing gear: See also tire / brake, 12
landing gear: retraction / extension, 15.3, 17.2.1
landing gear: sideways force, 12.7.5, 12.9.1, 12.9.4, 13.5
landing: short/obstructed, 18.3.3, 21.1
landing: downwind, 15.1.3
landing: final, 15.1.4
landing: final , 12.2
landing: forced, 7.7.3, 12.7.3, 15.1, 15.1.3, 15.1.4, 15.1.4, 15.1.4
landing: short/obstructed, 7.7.2, 12.3, 12.3, 1, 12.7
landing: soft field, 12.8, 12.11.6
landmarks, 14.1
lapse rate, 20.2.1
lapse rate: definition, 20.1
lateral axis: See pitch, 19.6.1
lateral stability: See roll-wise stability, 19.6.1
laws of motion, 3.14
laws of motion, 3.15, 9.6, 20.1.1
laws of motion , 19.1
lazy eight, 16.1
lazy eight: definition, 16.15
lazy eight, 16.15
leadership, 21.9
left/right perception, 12.2
levelling off, 2.6
lever arm, 6.1, 6.1.4, 9.2, 17.1.4, 17.1.4, 17.1.5, 19.2, 19.8
lever arm: definition, 19.2
lift, 5.3.2, 10.6.1, 12.9.3, 17.1.4, 19.1
lift , 2.12.1, 3.1, 6.1
lift-to-drag ratio, 2.12.8
lift-to-drag ratio, 4.3, 7.5.8
lift: twisted, 19.6.4
lift: See also coefficient of lift, 3
lift: basic model formula, 4.2
lift: twisted, 8.8, 17.1.12
lift: twisted, 8.8.4
lift , 4.1
lights, 16.2
load factor, 6.2.2, 6.2.3
load factor, 2.1, 2.12.5, 4.3, 4.3, 6.1, 16.19.3, 16.20.1, 16.20.3, 16.20.5, 19.6.4
load factor: definition, 6.2.3
local tricks, 12.3
logic: See decisionmaking, 21.1
long range navigation (LORAN), 14.3.2
longitudinal axis: See roll, 19.6.1
longitudinal stability: See pitch-wise stability, 19.6.1
looking: See sight, 16.2
loop, 6.2.2, 16.20.5
lost, 14, 14.6, 14.7
low and slow, 1.4
low pressure center: definition, 20.1.1
Magnus effect: definition, 3.11
Morse code, 5
MSL: ≡ altitude above mean sea level, 12.3
MV: ≡ momentum vector, 8.8
magnetic north, 14.2.2
magneto, 15.1.1, 21.3
maneuvering , 16
maneuvering speed: See under airspeed, 2.13.2
margin: See safety margin, 12
mark on the windshield, 11.5.2
maximum ... airspeed: See under airspeed, 16
maximum-performance: See under performance, 7.5
mean camber line: definition, 2
mile: definition, 14.2.2
mile: See nautical mile / statute mile, 1.2.5
minimax principle, 21.11
mistakes, 7, 11, 21.10
mixture control, 15.1.1
molecules: basis of fluid properties, 3.6
moment , 19.7
moment of inertia, 18.6.4
moment of inertia, 19.7, 19.8
momentum, 8.8, 2, 8.8.5, 12.9.3, 16.17.4, 19.1
momentum: See also angular momentum, 19.8
momentum: definition, 19.1
momentum, 3.15
monsoon: definition, 20.3.1
moon lander, 4.2
motion: See laws of motion, 19.1
mountain flying, 2.9, 7.5.6, 13.7.1
multi-engine aircraft, 8.5.4, 4, 13.6
multi-engine aircraft , 17
mushing regime: definition, 1.2.5
N-down: ≡ Newtonian down, 19.5
NASA: ≡ National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 18
Nall Report, 21.10
National Transportation Safety Board, 12.6.4, 21.10
NDB: ≡ non-directional beacon, 14.3.2
Newton’s laws: See laws of motion, 19.1
Newtonian down, 19.5
NTSB: ≡ National Transportation Safety Board, 12
nautical mile, 1.2.5
navaid, 5, 6
navigation, 16.1
navigation: See also dead reckoning, 14.3
navigation: See also pilotage, 14.3
navigation: by instruments, 14.3, 14.5
noisy glider, 17.1.2
noisy glider, 15.1.3
non-directional beacon, 14.3.2
noncommutative rotations, 19.6.4
normal axis: See yaw, 19.6.1
obstacle clearance, 12.3, 12.3, 1, 13.4
obstacle clearance, 12.1.3, 12.7.2, 12.7.3, 13.3, 13.3, 13.7, 16.17.1, 17.2.5, 20.2.2, 21.4
obstacle clearance , 20.2.4
obstructed field: See landing / takeoff, 12
obstructed field: See obstacle clearance, 12
off-course distance, 14.4.1
oscillation , 10.6
oscillation: procedure to oppose, 10.6.2
outside references: asymmetric thrust, 4
outside references, 12.4.1, 12.5, 13.8
outside references: pitch and yaw, 11.5.2, 16.18.3
overbanking tendency, 6.2.1, 9.3
overbanking tendency: definition, 9.4
overshoot: symptom of uncoordinated roll-out, 16.6
overshoot: symptom of uncoordinated roll-out, 11.5.2
P-factor: See asymmetric disk loading, 8.5
P: ≡ pressure, 3.4
PIC: ≡ pilot in command, 21.1
Pitot tube, 2.12.6, 3.4.2, 11.2
POH: ≡ Pilot’s Operating Handbook, 1.2.3
Pressure: definition, 3.4.3
paddle:means of creating circulation, 3.11
panic, intro, 14.7.1, 15.1.3
paper demo, 3.11, 18.4.1
particles: basis of fluid properties, 3.6
passengers, 8.1, 10.6.1, 13.4, 13.7, 21.9
penetration speed, 7.5.7
perception: See sight / sound / touch / balance, intro
performance, 21.7
performance: climbs and glides , 7.5
performance: related to power, attitude, etc., 2.10
performance: versus control, 17.1.7
personal minimums: definition, 21.7
phugoid, 2.8, 6.2.2, 16.4
phugoid:procedure to oppose, 10.6.2
phugoid, 6.1.12
pilot in command, 7.2, 21.2.3
pilot in command , 21.1
pilotage, 14.5, 21.3
pilotage: definition, 14.1
pitch, 2.10, 2.10, 2.10, 2.5, 4.2, 6.1.4, 12.4.2, 12.4.3, 12.11.1, 12.11.8, 16.11, 19.6.2
pitch , 2.4
pitch, 19.6.1
planning: See flight planning / decisionmaking, 21.1
plow, 18.3.3
pointing: not the same as going, 8, 8.8.5, 11.2
polar cell: definition, 20.3.1
pond: ripples reveal air movement, 16.18.1
power, 1.2.4, 1.3.1, 1.3.1, 1.3.2, 1.4, 2.3, 2.6, 12.8, 16.9
power , 7
power curve, 1.3.3, 7.2.2, 7.6, 7.7.2, 16.3, 17.1.2
power curve: definition, 1.2.5
power: definition, 1.2.4
precession: See gyroscopic precession, 19.9.1
preflight check, 10.5
preflight briefing, 13.7.4, 15.1.1
preflight check, 10.3, 21.5, 21.5, 21.6, 21.8
preflight: See also flight planning, 21.1
pressure, 3.4, 20.1, 20.2.1, 20.2.2
pressure , 3.2
pressure altitude: definition, 20.2.2
pressure gradient: definition, 20.1.1
pressure recovery, 11.2, 18.3.3
pressure recovery: definition, 4.4
pressure: dynamic, 3.4.1
pressure, 3.4
prony brake: definition, 9.6
propeller, 7.5.6, 7.5.6, 15.1.2
propeller , 9.5
propwash, 6.1.6, 8.4, 17.1.11
propwash: helical, 8.4, 2, 2, 17.1.3, 17.1.12
pseudo-tailwind: definition, 3.12.5
pullup: See zoom, 1.2
pushover, 1.2, 15.1.2
pylon, 16.13, 16.16
Q: ≡ dynamic pressure, 2.1, 3.2
quickness: See smoothness, 12
Reynolds number: definition, 18.3.2
radar advisories, 7, 16.2
radio, 14.7.2, 14.7.5, 16.2
raise the dead, 17.1.5
rate gyro / rate-of-turn needle, 17.1.3
rate gyro / rate-of-turn needle, 19.10.3
rate-of-turn gyro, 18.7
red arc: definition, 17.1.7
red arc: See also airspeed (never-exceed), 17
red-radial-line, 17.1.7
red-radial-line , 17.1.7
red-radial-line: See also airspeed (minimum control), 17
reference frame, 3.4.2
reference frame, 16.17.4, 19.4.1
reference frame , 19.2
rejected landing: See go-around, 12
rejected takeoff, 13.7.4, 17.2.1
relative wind, 2.11, 8.1
relative wind: definition, 2.2
relativity, 3.4.2, 14.2.4, 16.12, 16.17.1, 16.17.4, 19.4.1, 19.4.2, 19.10.2
resource management, 21.9
retreating blade, 8.5
reversed control, 1.3.3
right/left perception, 12.2
rigitidy in space: See inertial platform, 19.9.3
road, 15.1.3, 16.8, 16.9
roll (maneuver), 8.8
roll (maneuver), 6.2.5, 16.14, 16.18.3
roll : damping, 5.4.1
roll : inertia, 8.8.1
roll : inertia, 16.6
roll: angle: See bank attitude, 19.6.3
roll: damping, 5.4.2, 16.20.4, 18.1
roll: damping , 5
roll: inertia, 5.4.1
roll: maneuver, 8.8.1
roll: stability, 10.6.1
roll: stability , 9.3
roll, 19.6.1
roller-coaster, 1.2.1, 2.10, 13.3, 16.4, 16.14, 16.15, 16.16.1, 16.20.3
roller-coaster , 1.3.3, 7.1
roller-coaster, 1.2.1
rollout (after landing), 12.6.4
rotating beacon, 14.1.1
rotation, 19.6.4
rotation: earth, 20.1
rotation: pitch up for takeoff, 13.2, 13.3
rotations, 19.6.1
roundout: definition, 12.6.2
rudder, 8.8.2, 9.2, 10.6.2, 11.1, 11.3, 11.3, 13.5, 17.1.5, 17.1.6, 18.7
rudder , 11.4
rudder: stall, 17.1.7
rudder: See also coordination / yaw, 8.1
rudder: area, 10.6.1, 17.1.7
rudder: stall, 17.1.6
runway, 2.12.3, 7.7.3, 8.11, 10, 11.2, 14
runway , 12.1.1, 13.1, 15.1.3, 17.1
runway: accelerate-stop distance, 13.6
runway: accelerate-stop distance, 13.7.2
runway: center vs. edge visibility, 12.2, 12.6.2, 12.11.1, 13.4, 14.1.1
S-turns, 15.1.4
Siberia, 20.3.2
Superman, 18
safety margin, 8.8.7, 12.6.2, 12.7.3, 13.7.2, 15.2.1, 16.20.1, 17.1.8, 6
safety speed: single-engine, 17.2.7
samara, 18.6.2
scalar, 14.2.4, 19.1, 19.2
scalar: definition, 14.2.4
scan, 2.11, 6.2.1, 16.2, 16.18.4, 18.7, 21.2.4, 21.6
scrub line: definition, 10.5
seaplane, 6.1.4, 8.11, 12.9.5
seat of the pants, intro, 4, 11.5.4, 11.5.4, 16.6, 19.5
seat of the pants: See also touch (perception), intro
see and avoid: See traffic, 16.2
seed, 18.6.2
semicircular canals: See balance (perception), intro
sense of ...: See sight / sound / touch / balance, intro
separated flow: definition, 18.3.1
shimmy, 10.3
short field: See landing / takeoff, 12
sight (perception), 11.5.4
sight (perception), intro, 5, 13.2
sight (perception) , 16.2
sight (perception): out the front, side, 2.5, 11.5.1, 11.5.2
sight (perception: out the front, side, 16.6
single-engine safety speed, 17.2.7
skid , 11.3
skid: definition, 11.3
skimming in ground effect , 12.6.2
skimming in ground effect, 7.7.3
skimming in ground effect, 13.3, 15.1.2
slip, 2.12.7, 1, 15.1.4, 15.1.4, 16.1, 16.7, 18.5, 19.5
slip string: definition, 17.1.3
slip , 8.1, 11
slip string, 8.9, 2, 17.1.5
slip string , 17.1.3
slip-roll coupling, 10.6.1
slip-roll coupling, 9.3
slip-roll coupling , 9.1
slip-roll coupling: definition, 9.1
slip/skid indicator: See inclinometer, 11.2
slip: angle, 9.1
slip: definition, 11.3
slip: See also boundary layer, 18.3
slip: See also coordination / boat turn, 8.1
slip: along a road, 16.9
slip: angle, 17.1.5, 17.1.7
slip: angle , 17.1.3
slip: angle, 19.6.3
slip: definition, 11.2
slip: long-tail, 8.8.3, 8.9, 9.3, 9.4, 3, 11.5.3
slip: long-tail, 8.9
slipstream: See propwash, 8.4
slow flight, 11.1, 12.11.3, 16.19
smoke: marks air movement, 16.17.1
smoke: marks air movement, 3.1, 16.18.1
smooth use of controls, 2.3, 6.2.4, 7.7.1, 9, 12.6.2, 8
snap roll, 5.4.2, 8.1, 11.1, 18.5
soft field: See takeoff / landing, 12.11.6
solar energy, 1.1, 1
sound (perception), intro, 12.8, 13.2, 13.7.2
speed, 14.2.4
speed, 19.1
speeding up, 3, 16.3
spin, 5.4.2, 8.1, 9.7, 16.20.4, 19.8
spin , 18
spin: See also stall/spin accident, 1
spin: flat versus steep, 18.6.1
spin, 18.6.1
spiral dive, 6.2.4
spiral dive, 6, 6.2.5
spiral dive , 6.2
spiral dive, 6.2.2
stability: angle of attack , 6
stability: roll, 10.6.1
stability: roll , 9.3
stability: yaw, 16.7
stability: yaw , 8.2
stability , 10.2
stagnation line, 3.5, 2
stagnation line: definition, 3.1
stagnation pressure: definition, 3.4.2
stall, 1.2.5, 2.13.2, 5.2.2, 7.7.2, 12.11.4, 17.1.7, 18.1
stall , 16.20
stall/spin accident, 1
stall/spin accident, 7.2.3, 7.4, 7.7.2, 11.3, 12.9.4, 15.1.3
stall: definition, 5.3.1
stall: warning horn, 3.10.2, 12.6.2
stall: warning horn, 3.5
static pressure, 2.12.6, 2.12.7, 3.4.2, 1, 11.2, 20.2.3
static pressure: definition, 3.4.2
strategy: See decisionmaking, 21.1
stratosphere, 20.1.2
stream line, 3.1, 3.3, 4.4, 8.4, 9.2
stream line, 3.1
streamlined object, 4.4
streamlined object, 4.4, 9.2, 11.2, 18.3.1
stretching the glide, 1.4
stretching the glide, 7.7.3
structural failure, 6.1.10
structural failure, 2.13.1, 6.2.3, 6.2.4
strut, 10.5
swat: definition, 19.2
swept wing, 6.1.6
swept wing, 9.2
TAS: ≡ true airspeed, 2.1
tail, 10.6.1, 12.11.1, 17.1.7
tail , 6.1
tailwind, 12.5, 16.17, 21.1
takeoff, 1.2, 1.3.2, 2.9, 8.5.3, 17.1.1, 17.1.7, 17.2.1, 17.2.1
takeoff , 13
takeoff: soft field, 13.6
takeoff: short/obstructed, 13.3, 18.3.3
takeoff: soft field, 3.12.4, 13.4
teaspoon demo, 18.4.3
teeter-totter, 6.1
temperature, 4.2, 13.7.1, 17.2.2, 20.2.4, 21.1, 22.3
temperature , 20.1.2
terminal velocity, 6.1
terrain: See obstacle clearance, 21.4
thermal gradient wind, 20.2.1
thermal gradient wind: definition, 20.2.1
throttle, 1, 1.2.3, 1.3.1, 1.5, 2.3, 7.1
throttle usage: back side of power curve, 7.2.2
thrust, 8.10
thrust , 4.1
thumb, 2.11, 12.3, 14.2.2, 15.1.4
timing: dead reckoning, 14.2
timing: perception of distance, 12.6.3
tire: See landing gear, 12.7.5
torque, 3.10.1, 6.1, 6.1.4, 17.1.4, 18.5, 19.2, 19.9.2
torque , 19.7
torque, 19.7
total aerodynamic force: definition, 4.1
touch (perception), 13.2
touch (perception), intro, 2.6, 2.7, 11.5.4, 11.5.4, 12.4.1, 12.7.4, 12.12, 18.7
touch-and-go, 12, 12.1, 17.2.6
touchdown, 12.6.2, 12.6.4
touchdown: See also aim point, 12.7.3
trade winds: definition, 20.3.1
traffic pattern, 12.1
traffic pattern, 12, 2, 13.8, 15.3, 16.2
traffic: see and avoid, 12.1.2
traffic: see and avoid , 16.2
traffic: see and avoid, 16.11
traffic: see and avoid, 12.10, 14.3.1, 16.18.4
transponder, 15.1.1, 16.2
tricellular theory: definition, 20.3.1
trim, 2.3, 2.6, 6.1, 16.3, 16.11, 16.20.4
trim speed, 5.5.5
trim speed, 2.3, 5.5.5, 6.2.2, 6.2.3, 12.10
trim: See also airspeed, 2
trim: angle of attack, intro, 2.3, 2.3, 6.1
trof: ≡ trough, 20.1.1
tropics, 20.3.1
trough: definition, 20.1.1
true airspeed: definition, 2.1
true altitude: definition, 20.2.2
true north, 14.2.2
tumbling gyro, 6.2.4, 18.7
turbulent flow, 18.4.2, 18.4.3, 3
turbulent flow: definition, 18.3.2
turn, 9.7, 15.1.3, 16.1, 16.5, 16.5, 16.17.4, 16.20.5, 17.1.4, 19.6.4
turn , 16.12
turn coordinator: definition, 19.10.3
turn: around a point, 16.12
turn: center of mass, 13.5
turn: on pylon, 16.16
turn, 8.8, 16.5
turning radius, 16.5
turntable, 19.2
unusual attitude, 6.2.4
up/down control: proper procedure, 12.7.4
up/down control: fallacy, 2, 15.1.3, 18.7
up/down control: fallacy , 7
up/down control: proper procedure, 7.3
up/down control: proper procedure, 7.3
updraft, 1.2.4, 1.5, 2.6, 6.1.12, 7.4, 7.5.7, 8.8.6, 8.8.6, 20.1.2, 20.3.1
updraft , 6.1
upgoing blade, 8.5.1, 8.5.2
upwash, 3.15, 9.2, 2
upwash: definition, 3.1
useless things, 10
VASI: ≡ visual approach slope indicator, 12
Venturi, 3.4.2
VOR: See very-high-frequency omni range, 16.2
VOR: ≡ very-high-frequency omni range, 14.3.2
variometer, 1.2.4
vector, 14.2.4, 19.1, 19.9.2
vector (from ATC), 14.7.5, 15.1.1
vector: definition, 14.2.4
vector: multiplication, 4.4, 19.2
vector: slide rule (E6-B), 4, 14.8
velocity, 14.2.4, 19.1
velocity: airflow near wing , 3.1
vertical speed indicator, 2.11
vertical axis: See yaw, 19.6.1
vertical speed indicator, 1.2.4, 2.11, 2.11, 12.4.3
very-high-frequency omni range (VOR), 21.3
very-high-frequency omni range (VOR), 14.3.2
very-high-frequency omni range (VOR), 14.2.1
very-high-frequency omni range (VOR) , 14.3
very-high-frequency omni range (VOR): twisted, 14.4.4
viscosity, 3.6, 4.4, 18.3.2, 4
vision: See sight, 16.2
visual approach slope indicator, 2.11
visual approach slope indicator, 12.3
visual references: See outside references, 16.18.3
vortex, 1.2.5, 3.12.1, 3.15, 3.15, 18.3.3
vortex generator, 18.3.3
vortex: bound, 3.12.5
vortex: definition, 3.12.1
vortex: trailing, 3.12.2, 3.15
vortex: trailing, 3.12.1
Wright brothers, 6.1.5
Wright brothers, 2.2, 3.9, 9.6
wake turbulence, 3.12.2
washin: definition, 5.4.3
washout, 5.5.3, 18.2, 18.7
washout: definition, 5.4.3
water demo, 18.4.3
weather, 14, 16.1
weather , 20
weathervaning, 8.11, 12.9.4, 13.5
weathervaning, 8.2
web site: See How It Flies, 22.1
wedge product: definition, 19.2
weight, 2.12.4, 2.12.8, 7.5.8, 17.2.2
weight and balance, 6.1.9
weight and balance, 18.7
weight and balance, intro, 21.7
weight and balance , 6.1.1
weight , 4.1
wheel, 10.1, 10.3, 19.9.1
wheel: See also landing gear, 12
wheelbarrowing: definition, 13.3
wind, 3.12.2, 12.4.3, 14.2, 14.2, 14.8, 20.1.2, 20.1.2, 20.2, 20.2.1, 20.4
wind tunnel, 18.4.5
wind , 16.16.1
wind triangle, 14.2.4
wind tunnel , 3.1
wind: gust / shear / shift, 12.7.2
wind: See also crosswind / headwind / relative wind, 16.8
wind: gust / shear / shift, 12.7.4
wind: gust / shear / shift, 1.1, 7.7.2, 12.7.4, 12.12, 13.7.2, 16.17, 16.17.2
wind: patterns, 20.1.2, 20.3
wind, 20.1.2
windshield, 2.5, 16.8
windsock, 12.7.4, 12.10, 16.8, 16.17.1, 16.18.1
winglet, 3.12.1
wishing you were on the ground, 4, 17.2.2
working foot, working engine, 17.1.5
yaw, 18.5
yaw : inertia, 8.8, 8.8.5, 11.5.2, 16.7
yaw , 8.1
yaw string : See slip string, 17
yaw: damping, 16.7
yaw: damping , 8.3
yaw: inertia, 1, 11.4
yaw: stability, 16.7
yaw: stability , 8.2
yaw, 19.6.1
yoke, 1, 1.2.1, 7.1
yoke: pushing/pulling, 12.7.4
yoke: See also smoothness / touch, 2.7
yoke: perception of force, 6.1, 12.12
yoke: pushing/pulling, intro, 6.1.1, 7.3, 7.5.3
yoke: pushing/pulling , 1.3.3, 2.1
Zhukovsky, 3.10.3, 24
ZLD: ≡ zero-lift direction, 18.6.1
zero-lift direction, 2.14, 18.6.1
zero-lift direction: definition, 2.2
zoom, 1.2, 1.2.1, 1.5, 2.10, 12.11.8, 13.3, 16.4, 16.20.6
zoom: definition, 1.2.6, 1.3.3

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